GERD and Acid Reflux

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a digestive disorder that occurs when stomach acid or bile frequently flows back into the esophagus, the tube connecting the mouth and stomach. This backflow, known as acid reflux, can irritate the lining of the esophagus, causing a burning sensation in the chest (heartburn) and a sour taste in the mouth. While many people experience occasional reflux, GERD is defined by its frequency—occurring at least twice a week—or its severity, which can lead to complications like esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus, or even esophageal cancer. The primary culprit is often a weakened or relaxed lower esophageal sphincter (LES), the muscular valve that should close tightly after food enters the stomach.

Treatment for GERD usually follows a "step-up" approach, starting with lifestyle modifications such as avoiding trigger foods (caffeine, chocolate, spicy foods), eating smaller meals, and not lying down for at least three hours after eating. Elevating the head of the bed can also prevent nighttime reflux. Pharmacological interventions include antacids for quick relief, H2 blockers to reduce acid production, and Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) for more intensive acid suppression. If medication and lifestyle changes do not provide adequate relief, or if there is a hiatal hernia involved, surgical options like Nissen fundoplication or the placement of a magnetic ring (LINX) may be considered. A specialist can perform tests like endoscopy or pH monitoring to assess the damage and tailor the treatment.